Common Snakes of Kentucky

Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen): This was formerly recognized as a venomous pit viper subspecies found in the eastern United States. However, recent taxonomic changes do not recognize the northern copperhead as a valid taxon due to lack of significant genetic difference with other copperhead species[1].

Western Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma): Similar to the Northern Copperhead, the Western Cottonmouth was once classified as a subspecies of the cottonmouth. However, DNA studies revealed no significant genetic difference between the eastern and western cottonmouth, leading to a revised taxonomy that does not recognize the western cottonmouth as a valid taxon[2].

Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus): This is a venomous pit viper species endemic to eastern North America. It is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous Northeastern United States[3].

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus): This is one of the heaviest venomous snakes in the Americas and the largest rattlesnake. It is endemic to the Southeastern United States[4].

Eastern Racer (Coluber constrictor): This is a nonvenomous snake species endemic to North America and Central America. It is known for laying its eggs in communal sites, where a number of snakes, even those from other species, all lay their eggs together[5].

Eastern Hognose Snake (Heterodon platirhinos): This is a mildly venomous rear-fanged snake endemic to North America. When threatened, it exhibits a unique behavior of flattening its neck and raising its head off the ground, similar to a cobra[6].

Rat Snake: This term refers to a group of medium to large constrictors that are found throughout many regions of the northern hemisphere. They feed primarily on rodents and birds. With few exceptions, rat snakes are not venomous, and are harmless to humans.

Water Snake: This is a common name for a large number of different species of snakes from various families, most of which are associated with water habitats.

Garter Snake: This is a common name for the nearly harmless, small to medium-sized snakes belonging to the genus Thamnophis. Endemic to North and Central America, they are some of the most common snakes in these regions.

Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis): This is a subspecies of garter snake that is found across large parts of North America.

Prairie Kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster): This is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae, found in the central United States.

Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon): This is a species of large, nonvenomous, common snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to North America.

Key Takeaways

Northern Copperhead and Western Cottonmouth are two venomous snake species found in Kentucky.
Snakes like the Timber Rattlesnake and Black Racer play important roles in controlling rodent populations and maintaining a balanced ecosystem.
Conservation efforts in Kentucky focus on preserving snake habitats, raising awareness, and addressing threats like habitat loss and illegal collection for the pet trade.
Kentucky is home to several nonvenomous snake species, including the Rat Snake, Water Snake, Garter Snake, and Prairie Kingsnake.

Northern Copperhead

The Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) is a venomous snake found in various regions, including Kentucky. Here are some key points about the Northern Copperhead in Kentucky based on the provided sources:

Distribution in Kentucky

The Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) can be found statewide in Kentucky, although they are less common in the Inner Bluegrass Region. They prefer habitats such as rocky, wooded hillsides, lowland areas near streams, abandoned wood piles, rotting logs, and mulch piles. They are also known to be found in many other areas in the state.

Appearance

The Northern Copperhead ranges in size from 2-3.5 feet. It has a light tan body coloration with dark brown bands, which are narrower across the back and wider at the sides. Small dark brown spots are usually found between the bands. The head is copper-colored, and the pupils of the eyes are vertical. Juveniles are similarly colored but with a yellow tail. Scales are weakly keeled, and the anal plate is not divided. They are stocky snakes, with most individuals reaching a total length of two feet or less, although large adults may occasionally reach 4 feet.

Behavior

The Northern Copperhead is venomous and is normally non-aggressive. They prefer to lie motionless until a threat has passed. However, when provoked, they may vibrate their tail and strike. Their main defense is to remain hidden, blending in nicely with dead leaves on the forest floor. They are mobile ambush predators and primarily get their prey through “sit-and-wait ambush” behavior.

Habitat

They are normally found in rocky hillsides and mountainous areas, but can be found in many other areas in Kentucky. They are also known to occupy abandoned and rotting wood or sawdust piles, construction sites, and sometimes suburban areas. They climb into low bushes or trees to hunt prey and will also bask in the sun and swim in the water.

Range

The Northern Copperhead has the largest range among the copperhead subspecies, extending from Alabama to Massachusetts and west to Illinois. They are found in varying terrain along the east coast of the United States, from Massachusetts south to Georgia and Alabama and west to Illinois. They are quite tolerant of habitat alteration and can survive well in suburban areas.

Diet

The Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) is an ambush predator that primarily feeds on mice, birds, frogs, insects such as cicadas, caterpillars, salamanders, and small birds. They are known to consume a variety of prey items, with studies showing that they may eat more than 30 different prey items. Interestingly, a study in Kansas found that prairie voles were the most commonly eaten prey, and cicadas ranked second. They are capable of consuming twice their body weight in prey per year and can survive on as few as eight meals during the active season. Generally, they consume 1.25 to 2 times their body weight per season, with prey items averaging 20 percent of their body weight.

Reproduction

Copperheads can mate in both fall and spring, and they are capable of breeding every year. They give birth to live young between July and August, with litter sizes ranging from as few as 2 to as many as 17 young, but the typical litter size is 6 to 9 young. The young are 8 to 10 inches long at birth and receive no parental care. Up to 60 percent of the females in a population may carry young in a year. Generally, females begin breeding at 3 years old.

Historical Significance

The Northern Copperhead plays an important ecological role in its environment by helping maintain the balance of nature as a predator. They are part of the natural food chain, preying on small mammals, birds, and insects. While they are venomous, their bite is rarely fatal to humans, and they are naturally shy and unaggressive, striking a person only if cornered or feeling extremely threatened. They are widely distributed over the eastern United States, ranging from Massachusetts southward through the Appalachian Mountains and Piedmont to Georgia, and westward through northern Alabama and extreme northeastern Mississippi. They are found in varying terrain along the east coast of the United States, from Massachusetts south to Georgia and Alabama and west to Illinois.

Timber Rattlesnake

Adding to the biodiversity and ecological dynamics of Kentucky, the next snake species to be discussed is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) are venomous pit vipers known for their distinct rattling sound. Found primarily in the eastern United States, they inhabit a range of habitats including forests, rocky outcrops, and wetlands.

Reproduction and breeding behavior of timber rattlesnakes are intriguing. Mating occurs in late summer, and females give birth to live young in late summer or early fall. It is important to note that timber rattlesnakes play a crucial role in the ecosystem. As top predators, they help control rodent populations, thus maintaining a balanced ecosystem.

Conservation efforts for timber rattlesnakes are ongoing due to habitat loss and persecution. Protected by law in Kentucky, preserving their natural habitat is crucial for their survival. To identify timber rattlesnakes, look for their distinctive pattern of dark, diamond-shaped blotches along their back. It is essential to dispel common misconceptions about timber rattlesnakes, such as their aggressive nature. They are typically shy and will only bite if provoked.

Interesting facts about timber rattlesnakes include their ability to thermoregulate by basking in the sun or seeking shade. Their venomous bites can be prevented by wearing appropriate footwear and using caution when hiking or exploring their habitat. In the event of a bite, seeking immediate medical attention is vital. Overall, timber rattlesnakes are fascinating creatures that contribute to Kentucky’s unique biodiversity.

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake

The Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) is a prominent snake species found in Kentucky, known for its distinctive diamond-shaped markings and potent venom. This species is the largest venomous snake in North America, with adults reaching lengths of up to 8 feet and weighing over 10 pounds. The Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake is highly venomous, possessing a hemotoxic venom that can cause severe tissue damage and even death in humans.

The Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake prefers a variety of habitats, including pine forests, sandy coastal areas, and marshes. It is an ambush predator, relying on its excellent camouflage to blend in with its surroundings and wait for unsuspecting prey to pass by. This species primarily feeds on small mammals, such as rabbits, squirrels, and rats.

In terms of reproduction, the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake is ovoviviparous, meaning the eggs develop inside the female’s body and she gives birth to live young. Mating typically occurs in the spring, and females can give birth to anywhere from 8 to 20 offspring.

Unfortunately, the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake has experienced declines in population due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and persecution by humans. It is currently listed as a species of concern and receives protection in some areas.

The Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake plays a significant role in the ecosystem as a top predator, helping to control rodent populations and maintaining a balance in the food chain. While caution should be exercised when encountering this species, it is important to recognize its ecological importance and work towards its conservation.

Black Racer

Among the snake species found in Kentucky, the Black Racer is a notable and fast-moving snake. This species is commonly found in grasslands, open fields, and forest edges, making it well-adapted to a variety of habitats. Black Racers are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, and they are known for their quick movements and ability to climb trees.

In terms of diet, Black Racers are carnivorous and feed on a variety of prey including small mammals, birds, frogs, and insects. They use their speed and agility to pursue and capture their prey. When hunting, Black Racers often rely on their exceptional eyesight and sense of smell to locate potential prey items.

Reproduction in Black Racers typically occurs in the spring and summer months. Mating rituals involve males competing for the attention of females, with courtship displays and physical combat sometimes observed. After mating, females lay a clutch of eggs in hidden locations such as leaf litter or underground burrows.

Black Racers face a number of natural predators, including birds of prey, larger snakes, and mammals. They have developed various adaptations to avoid predation, such as their speed and ability to quickly retreat into nearby vegetation or burrows.

In terms of conservation status, Black Racers are not currently considered threatened or endangered. However, habitat loss and fragmentation pose potential threats to their populations. It is important to ensure the preservation and protection of their natural habitats to ensure their continued survival.

When it comes to physical characteristics, Black Racers are typically black or dark gray in color with a slender body and smooth scales. They have a white or light-colored chin and throat, which helps to distinguish them from other snake species.

Black Racers are generally non-aggressive towards humans and will attempt to flee when encountered. However, if cornered or threatened, they may strike and bite in self-defense. It is important to remember that all snakes should be treated with caution and respect.

In Kentucky, Black Racers can be found throughout the state, although they are more common in the western and southern regions. They have also been observed in neighboring states such as Tennessee and Indiana.

It is important to note that the Black Racer is often confused with other similar snake species, such as the Eastern Racer and the Eastern Coachwhip. However, there are some distinguishing features that can help identify the Black Racer, including its black or dark gray coloration and white chin and throat.

Interesting facts and folklore surrounding the Black Racer include the belief that it can chase and catch prey while in mid-air. However, this is a myth, as the Black Racer does not possess the ability to fly or jump. Additionally, some people believe that the Black Racer is venomous, but in reality, it is a non-venomous species.

Eastern Hognose Snake

One snake species found in Kentucky, the Eastern Hognose Snake, exhibits distinctive behaviors and physical characteristics.

Behavior patterns: Eastern Hognose Snakes are known for their unique defensive behavior. When threatened, they will flatten their necks, hiss loudly, and even play dead, often rolling onto their backs and sticking out their tongues.
Habitat preferences: These snakes can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands. They prefer areas with loose soil where they can dig burrows for shelter.
Reproduction habits: Eastern Hognose Snakes are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. Females will lay clutches of 10-30 eggs in sandy or loamy soil, and the eggs will hatch after about two months.

Diet and feeding habits: Their diet mainly consists of toads and frogs, which they are well adapted to catch. They have specialized teeth at the back of their mouth that help them deflate toad and frog bodies to make them easier to swallow.
Physical characteristics: Eastern Hognose Snakes have a distinctive upturned snout, which gives them their name. They also have keeled scales, a stocky body, and can reach lengths of up to 4 feet.

These snakes play an important role in the ecosystem by controlling populations of amphibians and small rodents. However, they are often misunderstood and killed out of fear. It is important for humans to understand and appreciate the Eastern Hognose Snake’s role in the environment and to conserve their habitats to ensure their survival. Eastern Hognose Snakes are currently listed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). They can be found throughout the eastern United States, including Kentucky. Predators of the Eastern Hognose Snake include birds of prey and larger snakes, while their prey consists mainly of toads, frogs, and small rodents.

Rat Snake

Continuing the exploration of Kentucky’s snake species, the Rat Snake is another intriguing reptile with its unique characteristics and behavior patterns.

Rat Snakes, also known as Pantherophis obsoletus, are non-venomous snakes that belong to the Colubridae family. They are commonly found throughout Kentucky and have a wide range and distribution across the state.

Habitat preferences for Rat Snakes include a variety of environments such as forests, woodlands, farmlands, and even urban areas. They are excellent climbers and can often be seen in trees or bushes in search of prey.

Feeding habits of Rat Snakes primarily consist of small mammals, birds, and eggs. They are powerful constrictors and use their muscular bodies to subdue their prey before swallowing it whole.

Reproduction methods for Rat Snakes involve sexual reproduction, with females laying a clutch of 10-30 eggs in underground burrows or decaying vegetation. The eggs are left to incubate for around 60 days before hatching.

In terms of conservation status, Rat Snakes are not currently considered threatened or endangered. They are relatively adaptable and can thrive in a variety of habitats.

Behavioral adaptations of Rat Snakes include their ability to mimic the behavior of venomous snakes by flattening their heads and vibrating their tails when threatened. This behavior is a form of bluffing to deter predators.

Predators and threats to Rat Snakes include larger snakes, birds of prey, and humans. Habitat loss, road mortality, and illegal collection for the pet trade are also potential threats to their population.

Physical characteristics of Rat Snakes include their slender bodies, ranging in length from 3 to 6 feet. They have smooth scales, with coloration varying from yellow-brown to gray-black, often with distinct patterns of dark blotches or stripes.

In terms of interaction with humans, Rat Snakes are generally docile and non-aggressive. However, if provoked or cornered, they may bite or release a foul-smelling musk as a defense mechanism. It is important to remember that they are protected by law in many states, including Kentucky.

A similar snake species to Rat Snakes is the Eastern Corn Snake (Pantherophis guttatus). Both species share similar habitat preferences, physical characteristics, and feeding habits.

Water Snake

Moving on from the Rat Snake, let’s now delve into the fascinating world of the Water Snake in Kentucky. Here are some key points to understand about this species:

Habitat preferences: Water snakes in Kentucky are commonly found near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes. They are semiaquatic and spend a significant amount of time in or near water.
Feeding behavior: These snakes are opportunistic feeders, preying on a variety of aquatic animals such as fish, frogs, tadpoles, and small mammals. They are skilled swimmers and use their agility to hunt in water.
Reproduction and breeding habits: Water snakes are viviparous, giving birth to live young. Mating typically occurs in the spring, and females give birth to a litter of 10-30 offspring in late summer or early fall.
Predators and threats: Predators of water snakes include birds of prey, larger snakes, and mammals. Habitat loss and human persecution are also threats to their population.

Conservation status: Water snakes in Kentucky are not listed as threatened or endangered. However, their populations can be negatively impacted by habitat destruction and pollution.

Water snakes in Kentucky have physical characteristics such as a slender body, keeled scales, and a distinct pattern of dark blotches on a lighter background. They have behavioral adaptations such as the ability to flatten their bodies to swim more efficiently in water.

These snakes play an important role in controlling populations of aquatic pests and should be respected and appreciated for their ecological significance.

Garter Snake

Next in our exploration of the snakes of Kentucky is the Garter Snake, another fascinating species found in the state. Garter snakes are widely distributed across North America, including in Kentucky. These snakes are highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, forests, wetlands, and even urban areas. They are non-venomous and are known for their distinctive striped patterns, which vary in color and intensity across different subspecies.

Garter snakes have a diverse diet, feeding on a range of prey including insects, earthworms, amphibians, and small mammals. They are skilled hunters and use their keen sense of smell to locate their prey. In terms of reproduction, Garter snakes are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young. The females retain the eggs inside their bodies until they hatch, and then give birth to a brood of fully formed snakes.

These snakes exhibit interesting behaviors such as basking in the sun to regulate their body temperature and releasing a foul-smelling musk when threatened. They are agile swimmers and climbers, allowing them to explore various habitats. However, Garter snakes also have predators, including birds of prey, larger snakes, and mammals.

Conservation efforts for Garter snakes primarily focus on preserving their habitats and protecting their natural prey populations. It is important to note that Garter snakes play a significant role in controlling rodent populations, making them beneficial to ecosystems.

Eastern Garter Snake

The Eastern Garter Snake, a subspecies of Garter snake, is another notable snake species found in Kentucky with its own unique characteristics and adaptations. Here are some key points about the Eastern Garter Snake:

Habitat preferences: Eastern Garter Snakes can be found in a variety of habitats including grasslands, forests, wetlands, and suburban areas. They are highly adaptable and can thrive in both rural and urban environments.
Diet and feeding habits: These snakes are carnivorous and feed on a variety of small prey including insects, earthworms, frogs, and small rodents. They are known for their ability to consume toxic prey such as newts and salamanders without being affected by their toxins.
Reproduction and mating behavior: Eastern Garter Snakes are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young. Mating often occurs in the spring, and females can produce a large number of offspring in a single year.

Camouflage and defense mechanisms: These snakes have a distinct pattern of alternating dark and light stripes running down their bodies, which helps them blend into their surroundings. When threatened, they may release a foul-smelling musk or vibrate their tails to deter predators.
Interaction with humans: The Eastern Garter Snake is generally harmless and plays a beneficial role in controlling pest populations. However, like all snakes, they may bite if provoked, so it is important to respect their space and observe them from a safe distance.

In Kentucky, the Eastern Garter Snake is classified as a species of least concern in terms of conservation status. Its range extends throughout much of the eastern United States, including Kentucky. These snakes have a lifespan of around 5-10 years in the wild.

Interesting facts and myths surrounding the Eastern Garter Snake include the misconception that they are venomous, when in fact they are harmless. Additionally, they are often mistaken for other non-venomous snakes such as the Ribbon Snake and the Eastern Milksnake due to their similar appearance.

Prairie Kingsnake

How does the Prairie Kingsnake differ from the Eastern Garter Snake in terms of its characteristics and adaptations? The Prairie Kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster) is a nonvenomous snake species found in Kentucky. It differs from the Eastern Garter Snake in several ways.

Firstly, in terms of habitat preferences, the Prairie Kingsnake is commonly found in grasslands, prairies, and open woodlands, whereas the Eastern Garter Snake prefers moist areas such as wetlands and meadows.

In terms of diet and feeding habits, the Prairie Kingsnake primarily feeds on small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It is known for its ability to eat other snakes, including venomous ones. On the other hand, the Eastern Garter Snake has a more varied diet, including insects, earthworms, and small vertebrates.

Reproduction and mating behavior also differ between the two species. The Prairie Kingsnake is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs, while the Eastern Garter Snake is viviparous, giving birth to live young.

Predators and threats to survival for the Prairie Kingsnake include larger snakes, birds of prey, and humans. However, it is not listed as a threatened species and is considered to have a stable population.

Physically, the Prairie Kingsnake has a glossy appearance with a brown or black background color and a series of light-colored, rectangular blotches on its back. It may also have a cream-colored or yellowish belly. This coloration provides effective camouflage in its grassland habitat.

In terms of conservation status and efforts, the Prairie Kingsnake is not considered endangered or threatened. However, habitat loss and fragmentation due to human activities can impact its population.

Interactions with humans and possible conflicts are minimal for the Prairie Kingsnake, as it is not venomous and typically avoids human contact. However, like all snake species, it may be subject to persecution due to fear or misunderstanding.

In the ecosystem, the Prairie Kingsnake plays a crucial role as a predator, helping to control populations of small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Its behavioral adaptations, such as its ability to eat venomous snakes, contribute to its survival and ecological importance.

When comparing the Prairie Kingsnake with other snake species in Kentucky, it is distinct in its habitat preferences, diet, and coloration. While the Eastern Garter Snake is more adaptable to various habitats and has a more diverse diet, the Prairie Kingsnake specializes in grassland habitats and has a unique ability to consume venomous snakes.

Overall, the Prairie Kingsnake is a fascinating snake species with unique characteristics and adaptations that allow it to thrive in its specific habitat. Its role in the ecosystem and its interactions with humans highlight the need for conservation efforts to protect its population and ensure its continued ecological importance.

Northern Water Snake

The Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon) is a common snake species native to Kentucky. This species exhibits several interesting characteristics and behaviors that contribute to its survival in its habitat. Here are some key points about the Northern Water Snake:

Habitat preferences: Northern Water Snakes can be found near a variety of water sources, including rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes. They are highly adapted to an aquatic lifestyle and are excellent swimmers.
Reproduction and mating behavior: Breeding typically occurs in the spring, and females give birth to live young in late summer. Mating behavior involves males engaging in combat with each other to establish dominance and secure mating opportunities.

Diet and feeding habits: Northern Water Snakes are opportunistic feeders, consuming a wide range of prey including fish, amphibians, small mammals, and birds. They are known to ambush their prey by hiding in vegetation near the water’s edge.
Predators and threats to survival: Predators of the Northern Water Snake include birds of prey, larger snakes, and mammals. Habitat loss, pollution, and human persecution are also significant threats to their survival.
Behavioral adaptations for survival: Northern Water Snakes have developed several adaptations to aid in their survival. These include their ability to swim and climb trees, as well as their camouflage, which helps them blend into their surroundings.

The Northern Water Snake has a widespread range throughout Kentucky, occurring in various freshwater habitats across the state. They can easily be identified by their dark-colored bodies with reddish-brown or black crossbands and a distinctive pattern on their belly. Currently, the Northern Water Snake is listed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Efforts to conserve their habitats and educate the public about these snakes are important for their long-term survival.

Despite their harmless nature, Northern Water Snakes are often mistaken for venomous snakes, leading to conflicts with humans. It is important to remember that they play a crucial role in controlling populations of small mammals and maintaining the balance of their ecosystems. Interestingly, there are several myths surrounding these snakes, including the belief that they can suck milk from cows. However, these myths are unfounded and should be debunked to ensure a better understanding and appreciation for the Northern Water Snake’s ecological significance.

Here are some common questions people ask about snakes in Kentucky, along with the relevant information:

What are the venomous snakes in Kentucky? Kentucky’s venomous snakes are the copperhead, cottonmouth, timber rattlesnake, and pigmy rattlesnake. All four species belong to a group of snakes called pit vipers[1][3].
What are some of the most common non-venomous snakes in Kentucky? Some of the most common non-venomous snakes in Kentucky are the eastern garter snake, gray rat snake, and ring-necked snake. Out of the five species of true water snakes in the state, four are found in Western Kentucky[2].
What is the conservation status of snakes in Kentucky? Of the 33 snake species found in Kentucky, only four are venomous. While venomous snakes should be respected and approached with caution, most snakes encountered in Kentucky are harmless and beneficial because they eat mice and other rodents[3].
Where can I find more information about identifying snakes in Kentucky? The Kentucky Snake Identification website provides tools to help identify snakes encountered in Kentucky’s forests, prairies, wetlands, rivers, and backyards. It offers images and accounts of all the non-venomous and venomous snakes found in Kentucky[4][5].